The Reason Differential Pairs Work So Well

USB, HDMI, Ethernet, and PCIe all use differential signaling for a reason. Instead of measuring a signal relative to ground, the receiver measures the voltage difference between two lines.

This helps reject common-mode noise because external interference tends to affect both traces similarly. However, differential pairs only work properly when spacing, length matching, and reference planes are carefully controlled.

The concept is simple, but the layout requires precision.

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